A Final Look at the Minerals of Revelation

When I wrote the first blog for this study, I envisioned that it would be a series of three or four blogs. Little did I suspect that I would write a separate blog entry for each of the foundational stones. But as I began to research each stone, I realized that there was a wealth of information, and mis-information, on the history and identity of the stones. As I worked through them all, I have tried to identify what seems right to me. But this is just my opinion, and it is just for now. I may go back and review this in the future and come to different conclusions about the stones, their colors and their significance.

The New Jerusalem
- Public Domain

As I studied I found good arguments for labeling the stones differently. Some Bible searchers considered the types of stones known to be present in Egypt at the time of the Exodus, assuming that the Israelites received the gems as gifts when they left Egypt after the last plague. One source identified the stones so that the colors would have significance, moving from a clear Jasper prism to a red Ruby and ultimately to a violet Amethyst passing through all of the colors of the rainbow. Others still examined the Hebrew and Greek roots, the Biblical text associated with these words and as much history as they could find to anchor their interpretation.

I tried to mix the first and third approach, assessing all I could discover in the light of history and then settling on a choice. As I said before, my thoughts of today may change as I uncover more about these precious gems. Here I am presenting the "facts" as I see them today but take them with a grain of salt and do your own study into the "Minerals of Revelation."

---

A Gem cannot be Polished without Friction,
Nor a Man Perfected without Trials.
Chinese Proverb

---

Here is a brief description of each mineral listed in Revelation 21:19ff. I have linked each stone to its blog entry.

• Jasper - is an opaque, impure variety of Silica (SiO₂), usually red, yellow, brown or green in color.
• Sapphire - is a variety of Corundum, an Aluminium Oxide (Al₂O₃). Trace amounts of other elements give it a blue, yellow, pink, purple, orange or greenish color.
• Chalcedony (Agate) - is a microcrystalline variety of Silica characterized by its fineness of grain and brightness of color.
• Emerald - is a variety of the mineral Beryl (Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆) colored green by trace amounts of Chromium and sometimes Vanadium.
• Sardonyx (Onyx) - is a banded variety of Chalcedony. The colors of its bands can be almost every color.
• Sardius (Carnelian) - is a brownish-red mineral variety of Chalcedony colored by impurities of Iron Oxide.
• Chrysolite (Peridot) - is a Magnesium Silicate with the formula (Mg,Fe)₂SiO₄.
• Beryl - is a Beryllium Aluminium Cyclosilicate with the chemical formula Be₃Al₂(SiO₃)₆.
• Topaz - is a silicate mineral of Aluminium and Fluorine with the chemical formula Al₂SiO₄(F,OH)₂.
• Chrysoprase - is a variety of Chalcedony that contains small quantities of Nickel. Its color is normally apple-green.
• Jacinth - is a red transparent variety of Zircon (ZrSiO₄).
• Amethyst - is a violet variety of Quartz (SiO₂).

This first table assembles the chemical facts I reported in each of the individual blog entries. Many of the stones are Quartz, a common mineral - as abundant as the sands of the sea - but with various mineral structures and impurities that create the different stones. Most of these minerals come in a variety of colors but I listed the one color that seems the best fit to me. The Mohs hardness is a scale where a Diamond, the hardest gem, is a 10.

Gemstone Name	Foundation Number	Chemical Formula	Mineral Type	Possible Color	Mohs Hardness
Jasper	1	SiO2	Quartz	Red	6.5-7
Sapphire	2	Al2O3	Corundum	Blue	9
Chalcedony	3	SiO2	Quartz	Gray-Blue	7
Emerald	4	Be3Al2(SiO3)6	Beryl	Green	8
Sardonyx	5	SiO2	Quartz	Banded Red/White/Brown	6.5-7
Sardius	6	SiO2 with Iron Oxide	Quartz	Red	9
Chrysolite	7	(Mg,Fe)2SiO4	Silicate	Green	6.5-7
Beryl	8	Be3Al2(SiO3)6	Beryl	Blue-Green	7.5-8
Topaz	9	Al2SiO4(F,OH)2	Fluorosilicate	Orange	8
Chrysoprase	10	SiO2 with Nickel	Quartz	Apple-Green	6-7
Jacinth	11	Mg3Al2(SiO4)3 or ZrSiO4	Silicate	Dark Red	6.5-7.5
Amethyst	12	SiO2 with Fe+3	Quartz	Violet	7

This next table connects the stones to the Breastplate of the High Priest in Exodus 9:8ff. As mentioned in the individual blog entries, each stone is tied to a son or grandson of Jacob by either birth order or by the order of the tribes in the camp. In addition, the stones each reference an Apostle of Jesus. Several stones have multiple apostolic links but I have listed just one.

Gemstone Name	Breastplate Number	Birth Order	Camp Order	Apostle
Jasper	12	Benjamin	Naphtali	Peter
Sapphire	5	Dan	Simeon	Paul
Chalcedony	8	Asher	Manasseh	Andrew
Emerald	3	Levi	Zebulon	John the Evangelist
Sardonyx	11	Joseph	Asher	James (son of Zebedee)
Sardius	1	Reuben	Judah	Bartholomew (Nathaniel)
Chrysolite	4	Judah	Reuben	Thaddaeus
Beryl	10	Zebulon	Dan	Thomas
Topaz	2	Simeon	Issachar	Matthew
Chrysoprase	6	Naphtali	Gad	Thaddaeus
Jacinth	7	Gad	Ephraim	Simon the Zealot
Amethyst	9	Issachar	Benjamin	Andrew

Finally, this last table lists some possible alternative stones that could have been the true identity of the stone listed. This is due to the fact that the names of several stones have changed over the years such that the name from the Bible does not point to the stone we know today by that name. Only Amethyst is lacking another possible stone. I include here as well the Hebrew and Greek words linked to the King James Version of the Bible that point to the stones along with a short description of my interpretation of the symbolism of each foundational stone.

Gemstone Name	Alternate Stones	Hebrew Name	Greek Name	Symbolism
Jasper	Diamond	yashĕpheh	iaspis	The sacrifice of Jesus Christ on the cross
Sapphire	Lapsis Lazuli	cappiyr	sapphiros	The divine connection between God and man
Chalcedony	Agate	shĕbuw	chalkedon	Our service to the Lord that is done in secret
Emerald	Carbuncle	bareqeth	smaragdos	The Shekhinah Glory of God
Sardonyx	Onyx	shoham	sardonux	The Blood of the Martyrs
Sardius	Carnelian or Ruby	odem	sardinos	The Shed Blood of Jesus
Chrysolite	Olivine or Peridot	nophek	chrysolithos	The Counsel of the Holy Spirit
Beryl	Aquamarine	tarshiysh	bēryllos	God's Power as the Giver of Life
Topaz	Chrysolite	pitdah	topazion	Seeking and finding the Kingdom of God
Chrysoprase	Emerald	yahalom	chrysoprasus	The Apple of God's Eye
Jacinth	Garnet or Zircon	leshem	hyakinthinos	The Light of God reflected in His Creation
Amethyst	NA	achlamah	amethystos	The Royal Priesthood

I hope you have found this series interesting and informative. May it spur you on to your own study of the greatest book ever written.

Revelation 21:2-4 (NIV) - I saw the Holy City, the New Jerusalem, coming down out of heaven from God, prepared as a bride beautifully dressed for her husband. ³And I heard a loud voice from the throne saying, "Now the dwelling of God is with men, and He will live with them. They will be His people, and God himself will be with them and be their God. ⁴He will wipe every tear from their eyes. There will be no more death or mourning or crying or pain, for the old order of things has passed away."